Apa Overview

>> HELLO, AND WELCOME TO IT APA OVERVIEW. WITH VARIOUS WRITING CENTER STAFF. MY NAME IS MELANIE BROWN, AND YOU CAN SEE ME THERE TO THE TITLE SLIDE. AND MY COLLEAGUE JEFF IS JOINING US TODAY. HELLO, JEFF. >> HI, MELANIE, AND HI EVERYBODY WHOSE JOINING US FOR THIS SEMINAR FOR THE NEXT HOUR. >> GREAT, AND WE HAVE SOME OF YOUR STAFF BEHIND THE SCENES AS WELL. BRINE AND COLLEAGUES PAUL RYE AND BETH OOSM LETTER. WE ARE SO EXCITED TO TALK ABOUT APA TODAY. OF COURSE IT'S VERY IMPORTANT TO YOUR WORK HERE AT WALDEN. AND WE REALLY APPRECIATE YOU TAKING TIME OUT OF YOUR DAY TO JOIN US. WE ARE GOING ON TO RECORD THIS. AND IT WILL BE AVAILABLE IN OUR ARCHIVE AND I'LL TAKE YOU THERE AT THE END OF OUR PRESENTATION TODAY. FOR NOW I WANT TO GO OVER A BIT OF HOUSEKEEPING. ALTHOUGH WE WILL DEVOTE THE LAST 15 MINUTES OF THIS SESSION TO Q&A, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, YOU ARE WELCOME TO TYPE QUESTIONS INTO THE QUESTION BOX ' S GO TO MEETING PANEL ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF YOUR SCREEN. YOU CAN TYPE QUESTIONS INTO THE QUESTION BOX AT ANY POINT DURING OUR BROADCAST TODAY. BRIAN, PAUL, AND BETH WILL BE TYPING ANSWERS IN RESPONSE. WE ANTICIPATE A VERY LARGE AUDIENCE FOR THIS SESSION BECAUSE OF COURSE APA OVERVIEW IS IMPORTANT TO ALL STUDENTS AT WALDEN, AND SO BRIAN, PAUL, AND BETH WILL BE TYPING RESPONSES TO YOUR QUESTIONS, JEFF AND I WILL BE ANSWERING QUESTIONS, BUT ALSO IF YOU SUBMIT A QUESTION THAT DOES NOT RECEIVE AN ANSWER BECAUSE WE HAVE SUCH DEMAND, PLEASE MAKE SURE TO SUBMIT IT TO US VIA EMAIL AT WRITINGSUPPORT@WALDENU.EDU. WE'LL PROVIDE THAT ADDRESS FOR YOU LATER ON, BUT WE WANT YOU TO KNOW WE WANT TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTION. HERE'S THE LINK TO THE RECORDING. THAT I MENTIONED EARLIER THAT WE WILL RECORD THIS SESSION AND I WILL TAKE YOU TO THAT WEB PAGE AT THE END OF THE SESSION. BRIEFLY, YOU'LL NOTICE THERE IS A CHAT BOX IN YOUR GO TO MEETING PANEL AS WELL IN THAT CHAT BOX, YOU WILL FIND A CLOUGHSED CAPTIONING LINK IF YOU WOULD LIKE A TRANSCRIPT OF THIS SESSION AS WE ARE RECORDING IT, YOU WERE WELCOME TO CLICK ON THAT CLOSED CAPTIONING LINK. FINALLY, I'D LIKE TO WELCOME TWO EDITORS FROM THE APA ORGANIZATION WHO ARE JOINING US ON THE CALL TODAY IN THE AUDIENCE AND WE APPRECIATE THAT THEY'VE TAKEN TIME TO JOIN US AS WELL. IT'S GREAT TO HAVE FOLKS FROM THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOARINGS ITSELF, THAT THE MANUAL JOINING US FOR THE CALL. ALL RIGHT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, LET US BEGIN. WHAT WILL WE TALK ABOUT IN THIS HOUR? THE OVERVIEW FOR THIS SESSION. WE'RE GOING TO GO OVER THESE FOUR CATEGORIES. NOW KEEPING IN MIND THAT WE HAVE ONE HOUR FOR THIS SESSION, AND OF COURSE THIS IS AN OVERVIEW. CHANGESES ARE THAT MANY OF YOU HAVE AT LEAST TAKEN A LOOK AT THE APA MANUAL. PERHAPS YOU HAVE BEEN AFRAID TO OPEN -- BUT I SURE HOPE NOT. AND I DON'T KNOW IF YOU'VE READ IT FROM BEGINNING TO END. THAT COULD TAKE SOME TIME. SO I WANTED TO CORRESPOND OUR DISCUSSION TODAY TO ACTUAL CHAPTERS IN THE MANUAL. SO WE'RE GONNA TALK ABOUT MECHANICS. PUNCTUATION, CAPITALIZATION, NUMBERS, YOU'LL FIND THAT INFORMATION IN CHAPTER 4 OF THE MANUAL. WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT WRITING STYLE. IT INCLUDES HEADINGS, VERB TENSE, USE OF PRONOUNS SUCH AS FIRST PERSON. YOU CAN FIND THAT INFORMATION IN CHAPTER 3 OF THE MANUAL. AND THEN THE SECOND HALF OF OUR SESSION TODAY WILL BE DEVOTED TO CITATION AND REFERENCES. CITATIONS YOU'LL FIND IN CHAPTER 6 AND REFERENCES YOU'LL FIND IN CHAPTER 7. SO DEFINITELY DON'T BE AFRAID OF YOUR MANUAL H. DIG RIGHT IN THERE. LET'S START OUT, JEFF, WITH A POLL. >> YEAH, WE'RE CURIOUS TO KNOW HOW MUCH -- HOW COMFORTABLE YOU ARE HEADING INTO THIS SEMINAR, AND THAT MIGHT STEER US TO HOW MUCH TIME THAT WE WANT TO -- HOW MUCH TIME WE WANT TO SPEND ON EACH SECTION. SO BE HONEST WITH US AND LET US KNOW IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'RE BRANDNEW AT APA STYLE. WE'LL TAKE JUST A MOMENT IF YOU COULD CLICK ON THE ONE THAT YOU FEEL MOST APPLIES TO YOU. IF YOU FEEL BRAND-NEW AT APA STYLE, IF YOU WISH A KNEW A WHOLE LOT MORE, IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU'RE PRETTY GOOD AT IT, OR IF YOU'RE EXPREERNSED AND YOUR MAIN GOAL TODAY IS TO GET A REFRESHER. SO IF YOU COULD TAKE A MOMENT AND CLICK ON THE ONE THAT BEST APPLIES TO YOUR COMFORT LEVEL WITH APA STYLE. AND MELANIE WILL LET US KNOW IN A MOMENT WHERE WE ARE. >> YES, WE HAVE 75% OF FOLKS ON THE CALL HAVE VOTED. AND PEOPLE KEEP ADDING ONTO TO CALL SINCE WE'RE SO EARLY IN THE HOUR. SO I WANT TO GIVE A FEW MORE SECONDS FOR AS MANY PEOPLE TO VOTE AS POSSIBLE. IT'S AN ANONYMOUS POLL, SO I DON'T KNOW WHO YOU ARE. IT'S ALL RIGHT. WE'RE UP TO 80% HAVING VOTED AND IT KEEPING CLIMBING. I'M GONNA GIVE IT ANOTHER FIVE SECONDS. AND SO, FOLKS, NOW IS THE TIME TO VOTE IF YOU WANT TO VOTE. AND POLL IS CLOSED. >> OH, SO WE HAVE QUITE A MIXTURE. IT LOOKS LIKE A GOOD NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE BRAND-NEW AT IT AND ABOUT A THIRD OF THE PEOPLE -- LISTENERS EITHER THINK THEY WISH THEY KNEW A WHOLE LOT MORE OR MOSTLY NEED A REFRESHER. SO WE'RE GONNA DO OUR BEST TO GO TO PACE THAT MEETS ALL YOUR NEEDS. AND THERE WILL BE SOME BRAND-NEW STUFF FOR SOME OF YOU. AS MELANIE SAID, LAST WEEK, FOR EXAMPLE, WE DID A WHOLE HOUR JUST ON CITATIONS. AND WE DO OTHER WEBINARS AND THEY'RE ALREADY ARCHIVED ON SOME REAL SPECIFICS SO THIS WILL BE AN OVERVIEW AND WE HOPE THAT WE MEET ALL OF YOUR NEEDS. MELANIE, NEXT SLIDE. EVERY TIME THAT -- I'VE BEEN WORKING AT WALDEN FOR 16 YEARS, AND I ALWAYS LIKE TO START JUST WITH A QUICK REVIEW OF -- HEY, MELANIE, WE'RE NOT ON THE BASEBALL SLIDE. >> OH, I'M SHOWING IT. >> OH, WELL IT JUST SHOWING UP NOW. THANKS. I LIKE TO ASK, WHY DO WE EVEN BOTHER WITH APA STYLE? AND I COULD GO ON FOR THIS FOR 20 MINUTES AND GIVE YOU FOUR VERY GOOD RINES, BUT THE MAIN REASON IN THE SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME TODAY AS YOU GO THROUGH THESE SLIDES AND THINK ABOUT USING IT, ULTIMATELY IT'S KIND OF A RULE BOOK AND IT'S LIKE HAVING A BASEBALL GAME AND IT'S KNOWING AT SOME POINT WE HAVE TO COME UP WITH SOME ARBITRARY RULES. IN THIS CASE, IT'S TO KEEP US LITERALLY ON THE SAME PAGE, AND THERE ARE OTHER RULE BOOKS OUT THERE SUCH AS MLA STYLE. BUT THESE ARE GONNA BE THE APA STYLE RULES THAT WE FOLLOW IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. BECAUSE WE HAVE TO HAVE SOME KIND OF A RULE BOOK. SO, MELANIE, LET'S GET GOING ON SEEING WHAT SOME OF THESE RULES ACTUALLY ARE. >> SOUNDS GREAT, JEFF. ALL RIGHT, WE WANT TO START OFF TODAY BY DIRECTING YOU TO SOME RESOURCES ABOUT APA THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE ON OUR WEBSITE. ALL OF THESE LINKS WILL TAKE YOU DIRECTLY TO OUR WEBSITE AND SO WHEN YOU GO AHEAD AND DOWNLOAD THESE SLIDES AND DOWNLOAD THE RECORDING TO KEEP ON YOUR COMPUTER SO YOU CAN USE THIS RESOURCE WHENEVER YOU NEED IT, YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND CLICK ON THESE LINKS. FOR NOW, I JUST WANT TO JUMP US OUT AND TAKE US TO THE APA STYLE TEMPLATES. SO PLEASE BEAR WITH ME WHILE I TAKE YOU OUT OF OUR SLIDE PRESENTATION BRIEFLY TO OUR HOME PAGE HERE ON THE WRITING CENTER, WRITINGCENTER.WALDENU.EDU, AND YOU CAN ALSO GET HERE BY WAY OF YOUR WALDEN PORTAL. LOOK AT THE APA STYLE TAB. WHEN YOU HOVER YOUR CURSOR OVER APA STYLE, YOU FIND IN-TEXT CITATIONS, REFERENCE LIST, OTHER STYLE ISSUES, AND IN PARTICULAR, THE TEMPLATES FOR WRITING. I'M TAKING YOU HERE NOW JUST TO SHOW YOU HOW TO FIND THIS PAGE BECAUSE THE TEMPLATES HAVE BEEN PREFORMATTED FOR YOU WITH MANY APA ISSUES ALREADY ADDRESSED, PARTICULARLY HEADINGS. HEADINGS CAN BE SUCH DIFFICULT ISSUE FOR STUDENTS, AND SO WE ENCOURAGE YOU TO COME RIGHT TO THESE TEMPLATES FROM THE BEGINNING OF YOUR PRAP. IF YOU'RE WORKING ON A COURSE PAPER, WE HAVE TEMPLATES FOR YOU, AND THEN OTHER TEMPLATES ARE DESIGNED PER PROGRAM. THE DOCTOR OF EDUCATION OR SCROLLING DOWN HERE TO THE BOTTOM, PhD, CAPSTONE, TEMPLATES FOR THESES, YOU CAN SEE MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS FOR FOLKS WORKING ON KA Ms OR L.A.s. AND IF YOU FEEL THAT ONE IS MISSING, WRITE TO US. SO I JUST WANTED TO TAKE YOU TO SHOW YOUR TEMPLATES PAGE. >> WHILE MELANIE'S DOING THAT, I'LL ADD THAT ONE THE NICE THINGS ESPECIALLY IF ANYBODY'S GOING TO BE WORKING ON A CAP SO STONE, THE MARGINS AND PANELING NATION IS ALREADY SET UP FOR YOU. AND THERE'S A TABLE OF CONTENTS READY TO GO FOR YOU. AND THE IDEA THERE IS, WELL, IT'S TO MAKE YOUR LIFE EASIER, SO FROM THE GET-GO, AS SOON AS YOW START WORKING ON YOUR PROPOSALS, WE ENCOURAGE STUDENTS TO WORK FROM THE TEMPLATE SO YOU DON'T HAVE TO MESS AROUND WITH IT LATER. THEY'RE WORD DOCUMENTS. YOU DOWNLOAD IT, SAVE IT AS VERSION 1, THEN YOU'RE ALL SET TO GO. >> THAT'S GREAT. AND FOR FOLKS WHO AREN'T AT THAT STAGE YET, IF YOU'RE WORKING IN COURSE PAPERS, THE RUNNING HEAD IS ALSO TAKING CARE OF FOR YOU. THE RUNNING HEAD IS REQUIRED IN COURSE PAPERS, NOT IN PROPOSALS OR CAPSTONE DOCUMENTS AND SO THAT'S INCLUDED IN THE TEMPLATE AS WELL. ALL RIGHT, AND SO NOW LET'S GET INTO SOME NITTY GRITTY ARP MECHANICS. WE'RE GONNA START WITH THE SERIAL COMMA. THE SERIAL COMMA CAN BE VERY -- IT'S THE A NUMBER ONE ERROR THAT WE TEND TO SEE IN PAPERS BECAUSE SOME OF US WERE TAUGHT DIFFERENTLY IN GRAMMAR SCHOOL HOW TO GO ABOUT USING COMMAS FLAI LIST. SO WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW HERE, YOU WANT TO USE A SERIAL COMMA WHEN YOU HAVE THREE OR MORE NOUNS OR NOUN PHRASES. THAT MEANS HAIR SON COMMA, MCCARTNEY COMMA, STAR COMMA, AND LEANON. AND YOU ALSO WANT TO HAVE A COMMA BEFORE THAT CURLY QUEUE SYMBOL CALLED THE AMPERSAND. THE COMMA BEFORE THE AND IS CIRCLED. IN THE EXAMPLE AT THE BOTTOM THE PAGE, OBSERVE THAT SOMETIMES ONE MUST JUST LET THINGS BE. SO HOPE THAT THAT VISUAL WILL HELP YOU REMEMBER TO INSERT THE SERIAL COMMA IN YOUR LISTS. I MENTIONED THAT THE SERAL COMMA IS ONE OF THE COMMON ERRORS WE SEE HERE IN THE WRITING CENTER. AND THAT'S A FACT. ANOTHER VERY COMMON ERROR WE SEE CONCERNS USE OF VERB TENSES. YOU MUST USE THE PAST TENSE WHEN YOU'RE DISCUSSING LITERATURE THAT YOU HAVE READ. SUCH AS LITERATURE YOU'RE CITING IN A LIT REVIEW OR IN A COURSE PAPER, YOU CAN THINK OF IT AS LITERATURE PUBLISHED IN THE PAST NEEDS TO BE DISCUSSED IN THE PAST TENSE. PIAGET, 1960, DISCUSSES, X, Y, Z. LYNCH 2012, EXPLORED. KORRAPATI AND CARTER 2011, FOUND. ALL OF THESE ARE IN THE PAST TENSE BECAUSE YOU'RE DESCRIBING LITERATURE THAT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE PAST. THESE ARE A COUPLE OF THE TOP ERRORS WE SEE HERE IN THE WRITING CENTER CONCERNING APA. AND I WANT TO TAKE YOU BACK NOW TO PUNCTUATION. THE HYPHEN. IN GENERAL, WORDS WITH THESE -- WITH CERTAIN PREFIXES DO NOT TAKE A HYPHEN. THAT MEANS THAT THESE WORDS LOOK VERY STRANGE ON THE PAGE. PERHAPS THEY DON'T LOOK THE WAY YOU MIGHT READ IN THE NEWSPAPER, OR YOU MIGHT JUST NOT BE FAMILIAR WITH SEEING, OH, A SEMISTRUCTURED INTERVIEW. THE WORD SEMI STRUCTURED PUT TOGETHER WITHOUT A HYPHEN, BUT INDEED IT'S CORRECT. THERE ARE SOME EXCEPTIONS, IN PARTICULAR WITH THE WORD "SELF-." WHEN YOU'RE USING SELF, YOU DO WANT TO HYPHENATE. SELF-ESTEEM, SELF-ABSORBED, SELF-EFFICACY. WHEN ELSE DO YOU USE A HYPHEN? YOU WANT TO USE A HYPHEN WITH WORDS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO DESCRIBE, ALSO CALLED MODIFY, ANOTHER WORD. SO IF YOU HAVE FOR INSTANCE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE, THESE TWO WORDS EVIDENCE AND BASED, ARE FUNCTIONING TOGETHER TO DESCRIBE PRACTICE, SO YOU PUT THEM TOGETHER WITH A HYPHEN. PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH, PEER ANDREWED ARE WORKING TOGETHER AS ONE UNIT TO DESCRIBE THE WORD RESEARCH. YOU KNOW WHAT? I HAVE ANOTHER-LET'S SEE. OH, I'M ALL SET ON MY SLIDES. JEFF, I WAS JUST GOING TO ASK YOU TO MUTE YOUR MICROPHONE. SOMEBODY ELSE -- I THINK IT'S ONE OF OUR COPANELLISTS IN THE BASKETBALL. >> SORRY, JEFF, I DIDN'T MEAN -- WENT OVER SERIAL COMMA, TALKED A BIT ABOUT TENSE AND TALKED ABOUT THE HYPHEN. AND NOW I'M GOING TO SHIFT IT OVER TO YOU, JEFF. >> MELANIE, THOSE OF YOU ON THE LINE, WE TALKED ABOUT IT IN THE BEGINNING THAT THIS IS AN OVERVIEW, THE APA MANUAL IS 400 PAGES LONG SO WE'RE NOT GOING THROUGH EVERYTHING. THESE ARE THE KINDS OF THICKS WE SEE MOST OFTEN THAT MESS UP STUDENTS AS WE ARE GOING ALONG AND THERE'S A LOT MORE AND THESE ARE COVERED IN CHAPTER 4 IN THE APA MANUAL. THERE'S A SECTION ON CAPITALIZATION AND I WOULD SAY THE ONES THAT I SEE MOST OFTEN ARE THEORIES WHERE THEORIES IN GENERAL ARE LOWER CASE UNLESS IT'S THE NAME OF A PERSON AS PART OF THE NAME THEORY. OTHERWISE IT'S LOWER CASE. THE RULES FOR AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION DIFFER FROM AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION ON DISORDERS OR DISEASES, SO AGAIN, IF IT WERE THE, WELL, WHAT I HEARD IS NO LONGER GOING TO CALLED AS BERGER'S SYNDROME, BUT IF IT WERE A PROPER NOUN OR DOWN'S SYNDROME, THAT WOULD BE A CAPITAL LETTER FOR A PROPER NOUN, THE NAME OF SOMEBODY. OTHERWISE AS IN APA STYLE, WE KNOW THAT THE DISEASES ARE LOWER CASED LIKE THAT. AND THIS ONE, ONE OF OUR COLLEAGUES MENTIONED THIS ONE TO US YESTERDAY. AND WE SEE THIS ALL THE TIME. SO INTERNET IS CAPITALIZED. 34* AND AGAIN IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS AS WE'RE GOING ALONG, PLEASE DO TYPE THEM INTO THE Q&A BOX AND OUR COLLEAGUES WILL ANSWER THEM. ANOTHER AREA OF CONCERN THAT WE SEE IS NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER SECTION IN CHAPTER 4 COVERS A FEW PAGES. SO THESE ARE SOME OF THE BASIC RULES. IN GENERAL IF IT'S TEN OR MORE, YOU USE A NUMERAL. IF IT'S NINE OR LESS, YOU SPELL IT OUT. SO THERE'S NOTHING DIFFERENT ABOUT EAGLES AND GOLD FISH, BUT THERE ARE A LOT OF EXCEPTIONS WHERE YOU USE A NUMERAL EVEN THOUGH IT'S LESS THAN 10. THE MOST COMMON ONES THAT WE SEE ARE POINTS ON A SCALE, AND THIS CONFUSING ONE, I KNOW WE HAVE A LOT OF EDUCATION STUDENTS PROBABLY ON THE PHONE, SO IT'S GRADE 8, SO WHEN THE NOUN COMES BEFORE THE NUMERAL, IT'S GRADE 8. BUT YOU WRITE OUT EIGHTH GRADE. IF IT WERE 10TH GRADE, YOU WOULD USE A NUMERAL, BECAUSE IT'S LARGER THAN 10. AND I KNOW THAT CAN BE REALLY CONFUSING, BUT JUST REMEMBER GREAT 8 AND -- GRADE 8 AND EIGHTH GRADE. UNLESS YOU'RE AT THE START OF A SENTENCE, YOU USE A NUMERAL. I WOULD SAY THE NUMBER ONE TIME THAT YOU HAVE TO FIGURE THIS OUT WHEN YOU'RE WRITING A LONG FOR NUMBERS IS ELEMENTS OF TIME. THAT'S AN EXCEPTION. SO IF IT'S EXACTLY 3 YEARS OLD, EXACT AMOUNTS OF TIME, 2 WEEKS AGO, YES, EVEN THOUGH THOSE NUMBERS ARE LESS THAN 10, YOU STILL USE A NUMERAL. NOW, IN THE SIXTH EDITION. THE RULE CHANGES A LITTLE BIT. IF IT'S AN PROXIMATE MATE AMOUNT OF TIME, YOU SPELL IT OUT. I WISH I WILL AN EASY WAY TO REMEMBER THIS ONE. AND WHEN YOU FORGET IT, IN 20 MINUTES, WELL, MAYBE SOMEBODY FROM THE WRITING CENTER WILL HELP YOU REMEMBER IT THE NEXT TIME WE'RE LOOKING IN THE ONE OF YOUR PAPERS. ANOTHER -- I'M GONNA SPEND A LITTLE BIT OF TIME ON HEADING LEVELS JUST BECAUSE I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS FOR STUDENTS AT ANY STAGE, AND IT'S -- THIS HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO ME IN THE LAST YEAR WHILE I'VE BEEN TEACHING THE WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW COURSE FOR THE CENTER FOR STUDENT SUCCESS, AND I'M REALLY GETTING MY HANDS DIRLY ON ORGANIZING A LITERATURE REVIEW AND A DISSERTATION. BUT EVEN IF THIS IS JUST -- IF YOU'RE A NURSING STUDENT AND YOU'RE A MASKER STUDENT OR AN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT, HEADING LEVELS ARE REALLY IMPORTANT TO YOU. THEY ACTUALLY HELP YOU WRITE A WHOLE LOT BETTER BY PRETTY HUTCH HELPING YOU CREATE AN OUTLINE. AND UNLIKE THE OUTLINES WE USED ADZ KIDS, YOU DON'T SEE A 1, A 2, AND A 3 LIKE THAT. BUT YOU DO CREATE A HIERARCHY OF HEADING LEVELS AS WE'LL SHOW YOU AN EXAMPLE IN THE MOMENT. NOW WE IN THE WRITING CENTER KIND OF CAME UP WITH LEVEL ZERO, AND THAT'S PLAIN CENTERED, AND WE USE THAT ONLY IN CAPSTONES, SO MASTERS THOSE EASE AND DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS AND DOC STUDIES -- AND THEN ACCORDING TO THIS HIERARCHY, IT GOES LEVEL ONE, SO THAT'S PRETTY MUCH A MAIN HEADING. THAT'S BOLD AND CENTERED AND SO ON. SO, MELANIE HOW DOES THIS PLAY OUT IN REAL LIFE? NEXT SLIDE. THIS WAS THE HEADING HIERARCHY I CAME UP WITH A STUDENT WORKING ON -- IN HER LITERATURE REVIEW. SO WE INVENTED LEVEL ZERO FOR CAPSTONES, SO THAT'S THE TITLE. CHAPTER -- THE TITLE OF THAT CHAPTER. AND THEN COMES A MAIN HEADING, OVERVIEW. THAT MIGHT BE HALF A PAGE LONG, BY THE WAY. AND MAYBE ANOTHER HALF A PAGE ON A DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE SEARCH. THAT'S CENTERED AND IT'S BOLD BECAUSE IT'S A MAIN HEADING. AND THEN WE GO TO THE NEXT MAIN HEADING, CONSTRUCT OF TOXIC LEADERSHIP IN THE WORK PLACE. NOW SHE'S GONNA DIVIDE THAT BIG HEADING INTO SUBTOPICS SO TOXIC ENVIRONMENT -- LET'S STOP THERE. TOXIC ENVIRONMENT IS THE -- AND THIS IS AN ABBREVIATED LIST OF HEADINGS, BUT THAT'S A SUBHEADING, A SUBTOPIC OF THE HEADING TOXIC LEADERSHIP, AND THEN SHE'S GOT THREE HEADINGS UNDER THAT. YOU'LL SEE HOW THIS PLAYS OUT IN YOUR TEXT. FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER MAIN HEADING AND SO ON. SO WHAT THIS DOES IS, IT KEEPS YOU AS A WRITER ORGANIZED MUCH LIKE A ROAD MAP. IT'S A ROAD MAP FOR A READER AS WELL. YOU STAY ORGANIZED. AND I TELL YOU WHAT, THIS WAS SO IMPORTANT AS I WAS WORKING WITH THIS STUDENT BY COMING UP WITH HEADING LEVELS, IT WORKED AS AN OUTLINE, AND SHE KNEW THAT SHE DIDN'T HAVE THESE SUBCATEGORIES AND CATEGORIES LAID OUT WELL FOR HERSELF OR THE READER. AND THIS WAY WE WERE ACTUALLY ABLE TO ORGANIZE HER LIT BETTER REVIEW, AND THEN HAVING IT ORGANIZED, SHE WAS OFFED RUNNING. MELANIE, IS THERE ANOTHER SLIDE ON HEADING LEVELS? >> THERE IS NOT. >> OKAY. SO IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT THAT, AS -- IF -- YOU KNOW, IT TAKES SOME THOUGHT, AND I WISH I COULD SAY -- WELL, WHEN IT COMES TO THE DISSERTATION EDITORS, WE KEEP AN EYE ON THAT FOR YOUR, BUT AS YOU'RE DEVELOPING, PLEASE THINK IN THESE TERMS AND REMEMBER THAT THERE IS A HIERARCHY AND ONE OTHER THING I'LL SAY ABOUT THAT H1N1 THIS, AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS YOU GET THIS AT RESIDENCIES, THE HEADING LEVELS THEN BECOME YOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS. AND WE'LL SHOW YOU SOME TRICKS ON THAT WHEN WE GET TO THE RESIDENCY, BUT IT'S BUILT INTO THE TEMPLATES AND IT HELPS YOU CREATE A TABLE OF CONTENTS. MELANIE? >> THAT'S GREAT, JEFF. THANKS. AND I DO APPRECIATE WHAT YOU SAY ABOUT THESE HEADINGS BEING A WAY TO ORGANIZE THOUGHTS FOR BOTH THE READER AND FOR THE WRITER. YOU KNOW, CERTAINLY GOOD HEADINGS TAKE A READER THROUGH SMOOTHLY FROM BEGINNING TO END IN ANY COURSE PAPER OR ANY CHAPTER OF A CAPSTONE, BUT AS A WRITER, WRITER CAN FIND THEM VERY HELPFUL FOR ORGANIZING IDEAS TOO. THAT'S GREAT. I'M GOING TO SHIFT UT OUT THE HEADINGS INTO -- >> HOLD ON, ONE, SECOND, MELANIE. >> CAN YOU GO BACK ONE SLIDE. WE HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE HEADING LEVEL THREE. SHOULD THERE BE A PERIOD OF TIME AFTER WORK PLACE? >> YES, THERE SHOULD. >> GREAT. THAT WAS A QUESTION THAT CAME IN THE BOX. >> EXPLINT. >> YEAH, WE PUT THAT IN THERE JUST TO SEE IF ANY STUDENTS WOULD NOTICE IT. >> TOP NOTCH TO THAT VERY CLOSE READER. EXCELLENT, THANK YOU, PAUL, AND THANK YOU TO THE CLOSE CRITICAL READER. VERY GOOD. WELL, I'M GONNA SHIFT US OUT OF HEADINGS INTO PRONOUNS. I MENTIONED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SESSION TODAY THAT WE WOULD TALK ABOUT FIRST PERSON, AND BEFORE I GET THERE, I WANT TO TALK ABOUT A COUPLE OF OTHER PRONOUNS FIRST, THRAWRLY PRONOUNS TO AVOID. OFTEN IN THE WRITING CENTER WE SEE STUDENTS WRITE A SENTENCE LIKE THE EXAMPLE LISTED HERE. WE KNOW IT IS BEST FOR LA CROSSE ATHLETES TO LIFT WEIGHTS BUT WE FIND IT HARD TO CONVINCE HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS TO DO SO. IN THIS CASE AS YOUR READER I'M WONDERING WHO IS WE? DO YOU MEAN ME AND YOU THE WRITER? THE USE OF WE IS INFORMAL AND IT ASSUMES THAT EVERYBODY IS IN THE SAME GROUP. I'LL SEE THAT SOMETIMES REGARDING THE UNITED STATES. IN THE UNITED STATES OUR GREATEST PROBLEM IS EDUCATION. WE NEED BETTER EDUCATION REFORM. AND I SAY, WELL, WHO IS WE? BECAUSE MAYBE SOMEONE FROM OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES IS READING YOUR DOCUMENT. AND THEN THAT PERSON MIGHT NOT BE INCLUDED IN THE WE. WE IS PROBLEMATIC ALL AROUND. AND SO A BETTER APPROACH IS SIMPLY TO NOT USE WE, US, OR OUR. AND IN THIS CASE LA CROSSE COACHES KNOW IT IS BEST FOR ATHLETES TO LIFT WEIGHTS. SO MY QUESTION WAS, WHO IS WE, AND THE ANSWER IS, IT'S LA CROSSE COACHES WHO KNOW THIS. SO YOU WANT TO AVOID WE, US AND OUR. LIKEWISE, YOU WANT TO AVOID YOU, WHICH IS DISCOURAGED UNVERSALLY IN SCHOLARLY WRITING. YOU DON'T WANT TO HAVE THAT DIRECT ADDRESS TO A READER. ALSO IT IS INFORMAL. AND THE EXAMPLE HERE, YOU KNOW YOU HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB TEACHING WHEN YOUR STUDENTS PAS THE TEST. MAKES THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE PERSON READING THE DOCUMENT IS A TEACHER. IT'S JUST VERY INFORMAL AND NEEDS TO BE MUCH MORE SPECIFIC. IN THIS CASE, TEACHERS CAN ASSESS THEIR OWN PERFORMANCE BY EVALUATING THEIR STUDENTS' GRADES. ALSO THIS STATEMENT HAS A CITATION INDICATING THAT IT CAME OUT OF SOMETHING THAT THIS WRITER READ IN THE LIT BETTER. THE STATEMENT ABOVE THAT IS NOW CROSSED OUT REEDS AS OPINION. YOU KNOW YOU'VE DONE A GOOD JOB TEACHING WHEN YOU'RE STUDENTS PASS THE TEST. WELL, WHO KNOWS THAT MAYBE YOU KNOW THAT, BUT IT STILL BECOMES YOUR PERSONAL OPINION BASED ON PERSONAL EXPERIENCE VERSUS SOMETHING GROUNDED IN THE LITERATURE. SO NOW YOU'RE KNOWING TO AVOID WE, US, OUR, AND YOU KNOW TO AVOID YOU. WELL, WHAT DO YOU USE? YOU DO USE FIRST PERSON, I, ME, MY. DO NOT REFER TO YOURSELF AS THE RESEARCHER OR THE AUTHOR. AND THIS IS AN APA STYLE RULE IN THE MANUAL. AND IT'S SOMETHING THAT I KNOW FACULTY AND STUDENTS HAVE STRUGGLED WITH BECAUSE OF CONVENTIONS OF WRITING IN THEIR DISCIPLINE OR BECAUSE OF PAST EDITIONS OF APA . HERE'S THE EXAMPLE. THE RESEARCHER WILL APPLY THE FINDINGS TO AN AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAM. THAT'S JUST NOT AS CLEAR TO READERS AS IT COULD BE. WHICH RESEARCHER? OH, I WILL APPLY THE FINDINGS TO AN AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAM. SO YOU DO WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT YOURSELF IN YOUR STUDY OR IN YOUR PAPER YOU USE I, ME, OR MY. HOWEVER, THIS RULE COMES WITH A CAVEAT. MAKE SURE TO REFER TO YOURSELF SPARINGLY. YOU CERTAINLY DON'T WANT EVERY SENTENCE IN YOUR PAPER, YOU DON'T EVEN WANT EVERY SENTENCE IN A PARAGRAPH OR ONE SENTENCE IN EVERY PARAGRAPH TO SAY, I THIS, I THAT. YOU REALLY ONLY WANT TO TALK ABOUT YOURSELF ON OCCASION SUCH AS WHEN YOU'RE DESCRIBING SPECIFIC STEPS THAT YOU HAVE TAKEN IN A STUDY. I INTERVIEWED 15 PARTICIPANTS. I CONTACTED POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS BY EMAIL. YOU KNOW, THERE AREN'T TOO MANY OCCASIONS WHERE YOU NEED TO TALK ABOUT YOURSELF. YOU CERTAINLY DO NOT TALK ABOUT YOURSELF IN A LITERATURE REVIEW. I THINK, I READ THIS ARTICLE AND I DECIDED, OR I HOLD THE OPINION OF, YOU KNOW, THAT -- NONE OF THAT IS NECESSARY AND IT ACTUALLY DISTRACTS READERS. IN THE LIT REVIEW, YOU'RE JUST TALKING ABOUT THE LITERATURE THAT YOU'VE READ, BUT YOU DON'T NEED TO TELL READERS AND THEN I READ THIS ARTICLE. YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WHEN YOU DO USE I, YOU DO SO SPARINGLY. AND THAT BRINGS US, HAVING REVIEWED A VARIETY OF MECHANICAL 57BD WRITING STYLE -- AND WRITING STYLE ISSUES, THAT BRINGS US UP TO CITATIONS AND REFERENCES. BUT BEFORE WE SHIFT OVER THERE, JEFF, WHY DON'T WE CHECK IN FOR QUESTIONS. >> BETH, ANYTHING COMING IN CONSISTENTLY ON THE Q&A BOX THAT PEOPLE THINK WE SHOULD BE TALKING ABOUT RIGHT NOW? >> YEAH -- BRAES PASSIVE VOICE AT ALL? >> YOU KNOW, WE DON'T HAVE A SPECIFIC SLIDE DEVOTED TO THAT, AND I'M GLAD SOMEBODY ASK ED THAT QUESTION. IN THE APA MANUAL WE'RE TOLD THAT WE SHOULD -- WE -- AND ALSO AVOID ANTHROPOMORPHISM, SO WHILE WE'RE ON PASSIVE VOICE MPLEGHT THE APA MANUAL TELLS US TO AVOID PASSIVE VOICE. HAVING SOME OF THOSE PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS. SO INSTEAD OF SAYING 46 TEACHERS WERE INTERVIEWED BY THE RESEARCHER, WHICH IS PASSIVE -- OR 46 -- YEAH, WELL, THAT'S PASSIVE, OR 46 RESEARCHERS WERE INTERVIEWED, WELL IN THAT PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION WE DON'T KNOW WHO DID THE INTERVIEWING. SO IF YOU SAY I INTERVIEWED 46 TEACHERS, THEN IT'S NOT PASSIVE. THERE'S SOME GOOD EXAMPLES IN THE MANUAL, AND IF YOU HAVE -- IF YOU'RE COMING ACROSS SOME THAT YOU'RE NOT SURE ABOUT, LET US KNOW. AND BY THE WAY -- OH -- I WOULD SAY I BET WE HAVE SOMETHING ON PASSIVE VOICE ON OUR WRITING CENTER TOO. SO ASK THE QUESTION, AND WE PROBABLY HAVE SOMETHING ABOUT IT IN THE WRITING CENTER. SO AND THERE'S PROBABLY SOME GOOD EXAMPLES THEN THERE AS WELL AND HOW TO AVOID IT. WHAT ELSE, BETH? >> THIS ISN'T BETH BUT -- >> HI, PAUL. I WAS WONDERING IF YOU COULD JUST TALK BRIEFLY ABOUT WHAT STUDENTS CAN DO IF THERE ARE FACULTY WHO DO NOT ALLOW USE OF FIRST PERSON? >> I GUESS YOU'RE TALKING TO ME. AND NOT MELANIE. >> MELANIE'S GOING TO STAY SILENT. >> OH, THAT'S NICE. STUDENTS, YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED TO KNOW THAT WE DID A PAIR OF WEBINARS LAST WEEK FOR THE FACULTY IN WHICH WE PRETTY MUCH SAID THE EXACT SAME THING AS WE SAID TO YOU JUST NOW, AND IT'S -- I LIKE THE SIXTH EDITION OF THE APA MANUAL BECAUSE IT'S REALLY CLEAR. IT'S -- THE RULES NOW ARE WRITTEN IN SUCH A WAY WHERE IT SAYS INCORRECT, THAT USE OF THIRD PERSON, AND FIRST PERSON IS CORRECT. AND IF YOU GO INTO THE MANUAL WHICH I DON'T -- IT'S NOT ON MY LAP RIGHT NOW, BUT IT'S RIGHT IN THERE, IT SAYS HOW TO DO IT. WE ALSO, OF COURSE, WE HAVE A IN A CASE PAGE ABOUT IT ON OUR WEBSITE, AND YOU CAN REFER THE FACULTY MEMBERS TO THAT. YOU CAN SEEK ASSISTANCE FROM THE WRITING CENTER IF YOU NEED AN ADVOCATE FOR YOU. WE DO HAVE THE APPROVAL OF THE CHIEF ACADEMIC OFFICER TO ENFORCE THE FIRST PERSON RULE. AND SO YOU'LL BE SUPPORTED BECAUSE WE'VE ALWAYS BEEN SUPPORTED ON IT. AND ONE OTHER THING I'LL SAY ABOUT THAT IS THAT ABOUT TWO YEARS AGO, I WENT TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCE LIBRARY, AND I TOLD THE FACULTY THIS LAST WEEK. AT UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND I THUMBED THROUGH ABOUT 100 SOCIAL SCIENCE HARD COPIES, DIFFERENT JOURNALS, AND BY AND LARGE, THEY ALL HAD FIRST PERSON IN THOSE PUBLISHED JOURNALS. SO THE TIDE HAS SHIFTED AND I THINK I LISTED A LOT OF THOSE JOURNAL TITLES ON OUR WEBSITE. I WISH I HAD A MORE MAGIC ANSWER FOR YOU THAN THAT. >> JEFF, I'LL MENTION -- YOU HAD MENTIONED THE APA MANUAL REGARDING FIRST PERSON, AND THAT'S ON PAGE 69 OF THE APA MANUAL THAT IS QUITE CLEAR THAT WRITERS SHOULD USE "WE" ONLY IF THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT THEMSELVES AND A COAUTHOR OF THE PAPER AND THAT ROIRS SHOULD USE "I" IF THEY ARE THE ONLY AUTHOR OF THE PAPER THEY ARE WRITING. SO THAT'S ON PAGE 69. AND BRIAN, I SAW YOU HAD POSED A QUESTION ABOUT SEMI COLON USE AND I WOULD DIRECT FOLKS RIGHT TO THE APA MANUAL, PAGE 89 TO 90. IT'S A VERY CONCISE TWO BULLET POINT EXPLANATION OF HOW TO GO ABOUT USING SEMICOLONS. I REALLY LIKE THE WAY APA EXPLAINED THAT. SO I WOULD RECOMMEND CHECKING OUT PAGE 89 TO 90. >> SO SO WE'RE GONNA TRY TO LEAVE MORE TIME FOR QUESTIONAT THE END, AND OUR COLLEAGUES WILL LET US KNOW. AS I SAID, LAST WEEK WE DID AN HOUR WEBINAR JUST ON CITATIONS. AND SO THIS IS AN OVERVIEW. THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE PRETTY EXPERIENCED WITH CITATIONS OR FEEL LIKE -- MAYBE IF YOU'RE JUST STARTING OUT, AND WE REALLY STARTED AT THE BASICS AND WENT ALL THE WAY FROM THE BASICS IN AN HOUR TO COME COMPLICATED. MELANIE WILL SHOW US AT THE END HOW TO GET INTO THE ARCHIVES ON OUR WEBSITE, AND YOU'RE WELCOME TO WATCH AN HOUR ON CITATIONS. ALL THIS STUFF IS COVERED IN-DEPTH IN CHAPTER 6 IN THE MANUAL. SO REAL QUICKLY, JUST SOME OF THE THINGS WE SEE MOVE OFTEN AND THAT'S THE USE OF ET AL AND STUDENTS HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT WHEN YOU CAN USE ET AL. AND ON THIS TABLE, YOU CAN SEE THE RULES ABOUT IT. AND IT'S ADAPTED FROM THE TABLE IN THE MANUAL, SO WE URGE YOU JUST TO LOOK AT THAT MANUAL, OR IF WHEN YOU'RE DONE WITH THIS WEBINAR, YOU CAN HYPER LINK TO ALL THE INFORMATION WE HAVE ABOUT USE OF ET AL. SO I GO QUICKLY THROUGH THIS. ANOTHER COUPLE CITATION THINGS THAT COME UP FAIRLY QUICKLY. MELANIE, ON THE NEXT SLIDE, IS, LET'S JUST LOOK AT A COUPLE REAL BASICS THAT EVERYBODY SHOULD KNOW, AT LEAST IF YOU KNOW THESE THREE BULLET POINTS, YOU'RE GONNA BE IN PRETTY GOOD SHAPE. THERE'S A FEW RULES BURIED IN HERE. SO FOR A DIRECT QUOTATION, WHICH IS WORD FOR WORD, NOTICE WHAT GOES IN QUOTATION MARKS AND YOU HAVE TO CITE THE PAGE NUMBER, ON A DIRECT QUOTE. IN A PARAPHRASE, SO THE PARAPHRASE IN THE SECOND AND THIRD VERSION OF THE ORIGINAL DIRECT QUOTE, AUTHORS ARE ENCOURAGED TO USE THE PAGE NUMBER IN PARAPHRASING. I KNOW SOME INSTRUCTORS AT WALDEN REQUIRE IT. I THINK IT HELPS THE READER IF YOU CAN SEE THE PAGE NUMBER THAT THE ORIGINAL CAME FROM. NOTICE, BY THE WAY -- WHOA, THERE'S A MISTAKE. WE PUT SWENSON AND HOW, THAT AMPERSAND ON THE BOTTOM ONE SHOULD BE WRITE OUT THE WORD "AND." EVERYBODY GET THAT SO YOU CAN SEE THE MISTAKE ON THE LAST ONE. SO EDITORS MAKE MISTAKES TOO. THANKS FOR FIXING THAT ONE. I KNOW IT'S LIKE -- IT'S A TERRIBLE THING FOR AN EDITOR TO SEE THINGS LIKE THAT. ANYWAY, SO THERE'S THE DISTINCTION. AND NOTICE TOO, AND FOR SOME REASON WALDEN STUDENTS DON'T GET THIS, THERE IS A SPACE BETWEEN THE "P" PERIOD AND THE 232, WHICH BECAUSE I HAD A BAD CHILDHOOD IS MY PET PEEVE. MELANIE, IF YOU JUST CLICK ON -- CLICK YOU'LL SEE -- YEAH, COZ THERE'S A SPACE BETWEEN THE "P" PERIOD AND 232. THAT'S IT FOR CITATIONS. WE'RE GONNA SPEND MORE TIME ON REFERENCES THAN WE DID ON CITATIONS. >> YES, WE HAVE A FEW MORE SLIDES ON REFERENCES, BUT AS JEFF SAID, I'M GOING TO TAKE UT OUT TO THE WEBINAR ARCHIVE TO THE WRITING CENTER SITE AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, AND YOU WILL SEE THAT WE HAVE MANY WEBINARS ON APA STYLE IN GENERAL AND IN PARTICULAR ON REFERENCES AND CITATIONS AS WELL. WE JUST WANTED TO TALK ABOUT A COUPLE OF VERY PICKY ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES. IN PARTICULAR HERE, WE'RE TALKING A LOOK AT A STANDARD BOOK ENTRY. AND WE WANT TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION IN PARTICULAR TO USE IN THE FIRST CIRCLE, USE OF THE COMMA BEFORE THAT AMPERSAND. EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE ONLY TWO AUTHORS HERE, YOU ALWAYS SEPARATE -- IF THERE'S MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR, YOU SEPARATE ALL AUTHORS WITH A COMMA. VERY PICKY RULE. WE WILL POINT IT OUT TO YOU. AND THEN THE SECOND CIRCLE IN THIS EXAMPLE IS THE TWO-LETTER STATE IS A ABBREVIATION. I'LL OFTEN SEE SIMPLY THE CITY, SUCH AS SAN~FRANCISCO, NEW YORK, BOSTON, CHICAGO, BUT STUDENTS WILL NOT REMEMBER TO PUT IN THAT STANDARD TWO-LETTER IS A ABBREVIATION FOR THE STATE AS WELL. AND THAT IS STANDARD. THAT'S REQUIRED IN APA 6TH EDITION. >> MELANIE, THAT'S -- YEAH, AND I WAS GONNA SAY, I THINK WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU WERE OUT OF THE GAME FOR A QHIEL AND YOU'RE BACK IN APA STYLE, IN THE 5TH EDITION AND PREVIOUS EDITIONS, YOU DIDN'T NEED THE STATE IS A ABBREVIATION FOR BIG CITIES. ONE THING MELANIE GLOSSED OVER, IN THE REFERENCE LIST, ONLY IN THE REFERENCES LIST, YOU DO SEPARATE AUTHOR NAMES WITH AN AMPERSAND. SO SHE MENTIONED THAT, BUT I WANTED TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU SAW THAT. AND I'LL ADD TO THAT THE AT ANOTHER TIME OF THAT BOOK, COLLEGE STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, WE USED ESSENTIALLY LOWER CASE, SO LOWER CASE "S" AND LOWER CASE EXPERIENCES AND OUTCOMES. BOOK TITLES ARE WRITTEN LIKE THAT WITH ONLY THE FIRST WORD AND PROPER NOUNS CAPITALIZED. >> THANKS, JEFF. AND THEN BY WAY OF COMPARISON, HERE IS A WAY TO CITE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK, SO THE EXAMPLE ABOVE IS A STANDARD BOOK. THE EXAMPLE BELOW IS A BOOK EDITED THAT HAS MULTIPLE CHAPTERS WRITTEN BY MULTIPLE DIFFERENT AUTHORS AND SO YOU MIGHT ENCOUNTER, WE OFTEN SEE STUDENTS CITING FROM AN THOL JEASMS OR DIFFERENT COLLECTIONS. SO WE JUST WANTED TO PROVIDE THIS EXAMPLE FOR YOU DOT SAME SIDE, SO THAT WHEN YOU DOWNLOAD THESE SLIDES AND THE RECORDING, YOU SEE THIS EXAMPLE SIDE BY SIDE. JEFF, ANYTHING YOU WANT TO SAY ABOUT THIS ONE? >> YEAH, I GET THIS QUESTION A LOT. SO IF YOU ARE CITING THIS PUBLICATION, YOU'RE GONNA CITE MOXLEY, BECAUSE HE OR SHE WAS THE AUTHOR OF THAT CHAPTER, AND SO SPEERS AND LAWRENCE ARE GOING SHOW UP ONLY IN THE REFERENCE LIST. WE'RE NOT GONNA SEE THEM IN THE IN-TEXT CITATION, JUST THE PERSON WHO ACTUALLY WROTE THAT CHAPTER. >> GREAT. SO THAT'S RIGHT. SO IN YOUR PARAGRAPHS IN THE PAPER OR CAP STONE OR DOCUMENT, THE CITATION WOULD READ MOXLEY2012. WE HAVE SOME VARIATIONS REGARDING THE REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES DEPENDING ON WHETHER YOU DO OR DO NOT KNOW WHO THE AUTHOR. WHEN THE AUTHOR IS KNOWN, PRETTY STANDARD ENTRY. LAST NAME, COMMA, FIRST INITIAL, WITH THE PUBLICATION YEAR IN PARENTHESES. NOTICE THE PICKY PUNCTUATION THAT THAT PERIOD COMES AFTER THE PARENTHESIS IN THE PUBLICATION YEAR. AND THEN AS JEFF POINTED OUT, THE CAPITALIZATION MATTERS IN THE REFERENCE LIST, AND HERE WE'VE DRAWN YOUR ATTENTION TO THAT WITH THE DIFFERENT COLOR FONT FOR EACH WORD IN THE TITLE OF THIS REPORT. AND THEN RETRIEVED FROM WHEREVER THE ORGANIZATION -- WHEREVER IT WAS THIS REPORT WAS RETRIEVED FROM. IN THE NEXT EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT FIND A SOURCE BY AN ORGANIZATION INSTEAD OF A PERSON AS AN AUTHOR, AND YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND USE THE ORGANIZATION'S NAME IN THE AUTHOR SLOT IN THE REFERENCE LIST. IN A CASE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. WHAT YOU DO NOT WANT TO DO IS SIMPLY USE THE IS A ABBREVIATION. YOU WOULDN'T USE CDC HERE. YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR READER KNOWS WHO THE ORGANIZATION IS. YOU SPELL OUT THE ORGANIZATION IN THE AUTHOR'S SPOT IN FULL. AND THEN FINALLY THAT LAST EXAMPLE, IF THE AUTHOR AND THE DATE ARE UNKNOWN, IF YOU HAVE NO AUTHOR AT ALL, DO NOT WRITE ANONYMOUS. YOU WOULD ONLY WRITE ANONYMOUS IF THE AUTHOR WAS LISTED IN THE PUBLICATION AS ANONYMOUS, AND THAT WILL HAPPEN SOMETIMES, UNLESS THAT WORD APPEARS IN YOUR SOURCE, YOU CANNOT JUST CALL THAT AUTHOR ANONYMOUS. INSTEAD, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN, THEN YOU DON'T PUT ANY AUTHOR NAME IN THE AUTHOR SLOT. THAT'S WHERE YOU WOULD PUT THE TITLE. DOCUMENT. SO IN THIS CASE IN LIEU OF AN AUTHOR, WE JUST PUT THE TITLE OF THE DOCUMENT IN THE AUTHOR SPOT. AND THEN N.D. IN PARENTHESES MEANING NO DATE. >> COUPLE THINGS TO ADD. FIRST OF ALL, YOU DO HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF, OKAY, YOU DON'T HAVE AN AUTHOR'S NAME AND NO DATE, THAT A VERY GOOD SOURCE? AND I DID WANT TO QUICKLY SAY IN THAT FIRST REFERENCE, JUST TO ASSURE EVERYBODY, NOBODY'S -- THERE'S NO WAR ON GRADUATE STUDENTS AT WALDEN UNIVERSITY. MAYBE THERE'S A WATER ON GRADUATE -- WAR ON GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE MILITARY. AS A JOKE. MELANIE, TELL US ABOUT JOURNALS. >> SURE. SO JOURNAL, VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD. YOU WILL HAVE JOURNAL ARTICLES LIKELY IN YOUR REFERENCE LISTS AND IN SOME WAYS THEIR SIMILAR TO BOOKS AND IN SOME WAYS THEY'RE DIFFERENT. WE JUST PROVIDED A STANDARD JOURNAL ENTRY HERE WITH THE AUTHOR FOLLOWED BY THE PUBLICATION YEAR, AND THEN IN PLAIN TYPE IS THE TITLE OF THE ARTICLE THAT YOU'RE CITING. IN ITALICS, WITH -- NOTICE THE DIFFERENCE IN CAPITALIZATION, EACH WORD OF FOUR OR MORE LETTERS IS CAPITAL EXPWAIZED, THIS IS THE JOURNAL TITLE. SO YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THESE. SO THIS IS THE JOURNAL TITLE IN ITALICS AND ALSO IN ITALICS IS THE VOWMENT NUMBER IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THAT JOURNAL TITLE SPEP RATED BY COMMAS, SO THE TITLE OF THE JOURNAL, THE VOWMENT NUMBER IN ITALICS, THEN THE PAGE NUMBERS, THEN THE D.O.I. NUMBER, YOU WANT TO HAVE THAT D.O.I. NUMBER OR -- AND I'LL GET INTO THIS IN THE NEXT SLIDE -- THE URL OF THE JOURNAL HOME PAGE SO YOU'RE PROVIDED AN ELECTRONIC TRAIL FOR READERS TO LOCATE THIS SOURCE. IN APA SIXTH EDITION, PROVIDING THESE ELECTRONIC DETAILS BECAME REQUIRED FOR ONLINE SOURCES, AND MANY, MANY JOURNALS HAVE THE GUN AND HAVE BEEN FOR YEARS ASSIGNING ARTICLES IN THEIR PUBLICATIONS A D.O.I. NUMBER. SO MAKE SURE YOU LOOK FOR A D.O.I. NUMBER FOR YOUR SOURCE, AND THERE'S A REFERENCE CALLED CROSS REF.ORG, AND IF I COULD ASK BETH TO PROVIDE THAT LINK IN THE QUESTIONS BOX, CROSS REF.ORG PROVIDES A GREAT INTERFACE FOR STUDENTS TO USE TO LOOK UP D.O.I. NUMBERS TO SEE IF A JOURNAL ARTICLE HAS A D.O.I. NUMBER. SO WHAT HAPPENS IF YOUR ARTICLE DOES NOT HAVE A D.O.I. NUMBER? IF THERE'S NO D.O.I., THEN YOU NEED TO CONDUCT A GOOGLE SEARCH TO SEE IF THE JOURNAL HAS A HOME PAGE. SO IN THIS CASE, I LOOKED UP JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE IN MY GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE, AND I FOUND THIS LINK. AND SO MY -- THEN I TAKE OUT THE D.O.I. NUMBER, AND INSTEAD THE LANGUAGE AT THE END OF THE ENTRY READS, RETRIEVED FROM, AND I PROVIDE THAT URL. I HAVE MADE THAT LINK LIVE FOR THE PURPOSES OF OUR WEBINAR SO THAT YOU CAN CLICK ON IT WHEN YOU DOWN LODE THESE SLIDES. BUT WHEN YOU ARE BUILDING YOUR REFERENCE LIST, YOU WILL REMOVE THE HYPER LINK FROM THE URL. IN SHORT, READERS SHOULD NOT BE ABLE TO JUMP RIGHT OUT TO THE INCONSISTENT NET BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST. GO AHEAD, BED. >> WE DID HAVE A COMMENT, IN A PREVIOUS SLIDE THAT DID HAVE THAT URL. THERE AS WELL, YOU WOULD WANT TO ELIMINATE THAT HYPER LINK. >> YES, YOU WANT TO ELIMINATE THAT HYPER LINK IN THE REFERENCE LIST. AND WE HAVE HERE A LINK TO A D.O.I. URL FLOW CHART, A REALLY NICE FLOW CHART THAT APA BUILT. IF YOU ARE A VISUAL LEARNER, IT'S A REALLY GOOD ONE. AND SO WE HAVE A LINK THERE FOR YOU. AND SO I ENCOURAGE YOU TO TAKE A LOOK AT THAT. ALL RIGHT. AND JEFF, I WOULD JUMP US TO OUR NEXT POLL. BECAUSE THIS WRAPS US UP. >> SOUNDS GOOD. AND I DID WANT TO SAVE, WE STILL HAVE TEN MINUTES FOR QUESTION. SO WE'RE GONNA DO A POLL. IT'S GONNA BE A LITTLE MINI QUIZ. OH, MELANIE, WE DIDN'T GET TO SEE -- WE DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH TIME TO THE INCORRECT SENTENCE. OH, CAN YOU NOT SEE MY -- OH, CAN YOU NOT SEE MY SCREEN? ALL I'M SEEING IS THE POLL. I'M NOT SEEING THE SENTENCE. >> I'M SORRY. I DON'T KNOW HOW THE POLL LOOKS THE IT DOESN'T -- IT SHOWS DIFFERENTLY ON MY SCREEN. SORRY, GUYS. I CAN JUST SHUT IT DOWN AND WE'LL GO TO Q&A. HOW'S THAT? >> ANYWAY, JUST SO YOU ALL -- ALL RIGHT, GO AHEAD. >> LET'S GO TO Q&A, THAT'S SOUNDS GOOD. >> OH, YEAH, AND WE DID WANT TO MENTION SOME RESOURCES, AND BY THE WAY, ONE THING WE DIDN'T SHOW YOU AND I'LL EMPHASIZE THAT IN OUR APA SECTION ON THE WEBSITE, WE BUILT IT SPECIFICALLY FOR WALDEN STUDENTS. SO THERE ARE SOME REFERENCE LISTINGS AND SOME CITATIONS THAT ARE KIND OF UNUSUAL FOR WALDEN STUDENTS, AND SO WALDEN STUDENTS CAN SEE THEM. SO IT'S HOW TO CITE CERTAIN DOCUMENTS THAT SHOW UP IN WALDEN RESOURCES SUCH AS, FOR EXAMPLE, STUDY NOTES, A DVD THAT MIGHT COME WITH YOUR COURSE, AND SOME COMMON ONES THAT STUDENTS ON THE RIGHT SIDE, WENT A LITTLE BIT TOO FAR DOWN, SO THERE'S SOME IN-TEXT CITATIONS, AS WELL AS I KNOW STUDENTS OFTEN CITE NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND OR THE MATERIALS THAT COME WITH YOUR COURSE OR A DISCUSSION POST. AND WE HAVE A LINK THERE TO SHOW YOU HOW YOU CITE SOMEBODY ELSE'S DISCUSSION POSTS. THE COURSE CATALOG IS ANOTHER ONE, SHOWS UP IN YOUR EARLY COURSES. IF YOU FIND YOURSELF CITING STUFF OVER AND OVER THAT'S WALDEN SPECIFIC AND YOU DON'T SEE IT THERE, PLEASE LET US KNOW AT WRITINGSUPPORT@WALDENU.EDU. AND WE'LL TRY TO LIST THAT ONE TOO. SO THESE ARE SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ONES. AS MELANIE SHOWED YOU ON THAT LAST SLIDE. YOU TELL US AND WE'LL TRY TO BUILD AS PART OF YOUR WEBSITE TO HELP YOU GET YOUR APA STYLE PROBLEMS. SO WE HAVE A FEW MINUTES. >> JEFF, I'M GOING TO SHOW FOLKS, I'VE BEEN PROMISING TO TAKE PEOPLE TO THE WEBINAR ARCHIVE. AND SO FROM OUR HOME PAGE, YOU CAN COME TO THE TUTORING LINK, THE TUTORING TAB, AND IF YOU SCROLL DOWN HERE TO WEBINARS, CLICK ON THIS LINK, AND I'M CERTAIN, I KNOW BETH HAS PROVIDED THIS AS WELL IN THE QUESTIONS BOX, THIS IS OUR WEBINAR PAGE. THE TOP PART OF IT PROVIDES OUR MONTHLY SCHEDULES. HERE ARE THE POWERPOINT SLIDES FOR OUR SESSION RIGHT NOW. BUT YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND SCROLL DOWN TO OUR ABSTRACTS AND ARCHIVES. NOTICE THESE APA WEBINARS IN PARTICULAR, APA CITATIONS, REFERENCE LIST CHECKLIST, USING AND CREDITING SOURCES IN APA. SO RIGHT THERE WE HAVE SEPARATE WEBINARS ON REFERENCES AND CITATIONS LISTS IN ADDITION TO THIS OVERVIEW. SO WHEN YOU GO AHEAD AND CLICK ON ONE OF THESE TITLES, YOU HAVE A LITTLE DESCRIPTION ABOUT WHAT'S AVAILABLE IN THE WEBINAR. YOU ALSO HAVE LINKS TO OTHER PARTS OF OUR SITE RELATED TO THE WEBINAR, AND THEN YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE WEBINAR RECORDING AND THE SLIDES AND ANY OTHER MATERIALS THAT WERE PART OF THAT WEBINAR ARE ALL HERE FOR YOU. AND I WOULD ENCOURAGE YOU TO TAKE SOME TIME, ESPECIALLY THE 20% OF YOU WHO SAID YOU FEEL BRAND-NEW TO APA AND 17% WHO SAID YOU WANT TO LEARN MUCH MORE, TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THESE WEBINARS, FOR EVERYONE ON THE CALL, SCROLL THROUGH OF OUR WEBINARS, SCHOLARLY WRITING, GRADUATE LEVEL, ALL THE WAY DOWN TO FOR FOLKS IN CAPSTONE PROGRAMS, CAPSTONE PROGRAMS, HOW TO WRITE DIFFERENT PARTS OF YOUR FINAL STUDY BEFORE GRADUATION. ALL RIGHT, THANKS, JEFF. AND, BED, ANY QUESTIONS FOR US TO ANSWER? I KNOW YOU GUYS HAVE BEEN WORKING HARD BEHIND THE SCENES. >> THERE HAVE BEEN A LOT OF QUESTIONS ABOUT WHEN TO INCLUDE THE ISSUE AND VOLUME NUMBER AND HOW ALL THAT WORKS. >> SURE. AND I WOULD -- >> [LAUGHING] >> IT'S A GREAT QUESTION AND I KNOW IT'S ONE THAT CAN TRIP STUDENTS AND FACULTY, IT CAN TRIP ALL OF US AS WELL. AND I WOULD DRAW YOUR ATTENTION FOR FOLKS WITH THAT QUESTION TO PAGE 199 IN THE APA MANUAL. IT SPECIFIES WHEN YOU SHOULD INCLUDE THAT ISSUE NUMBER, IN PARTICULAR INCLUDE THE ISSUE NUMBER IF THE JOURNAL IS PANELING NATEED BY ISSUE. -- PANELING NATEED BY ISSUE. SO WHAT THAT AMENDS THAT IN A GIVEN YEAR, A JOURNAL COMES OUT WITH FOUR ISSUES, WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, OR WHATEVER. NOW, SOME JOURNALS WILL PANELING NATE THOSE EACH ISSUE BEGINNING ON PAGE ONE, SO THE ISSUE THAT COMES OUT IN FEBRUARY, THE FIRST PAGE IS MARKED PAGE ONE. THE ISSUE THAT COMES OUT IN JUNE, THE FIRST PAGE IS MARKED PAGE ONE. HOWEVER, SOME JOURNALS WILL NOT DO THAT. SOME JOURNALS WILL BEGIN WITH PAGE ONE ON THE FIRST ISSUE OF THE YEAR, SUCH AS FEBRUARY, SO THE FIRST PAGE OF THAT FEBRUARY JOURNAL IS PAGE ONE, BUT THEN COME JUNE WITH ISSUE TWO, THEY JUST PICK WHEREVER THE PANELING NATION FROM THE FEBRUARY ISSUE LEFT OFF. SO IF IT WAS 125 PAGES LONG, THEN THE JUNE ISSUE BEGINS ON PAGE 126. AND THEN MAYBE THE SEPTEMBER ISSUE BEGINS ON PAGE 325. AND SO THAT SORT OF ONGOING PANELING NATION THROUGHOUT THE -- PANELING NATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, IT HELPS READERS FIND THAT DOCUMENT MORE QUICKLY. SO THAT'S WHERE THE APA RULE SAYS INCLUDE THE ISSUE NUMBER IF THE JOURNAL IS PANELING NATEING BY ISSUE. >> THANKS, MELANIE. >> WHILE WE'RE ON THAT TOPIC, ONE THING REALLY QUICKLY, IN CASE ANYBODY MISSED THIS, FOR THE MOST PART, YOU NO LONGER HAVE TO INCLUDE THE RETRIEVAL DATE, THE DATE THAT YOU RETRIEVED THE DOCUMENT OFF THE WEB. NORMALLY YOU DON'T NEED A RETRIEVAL DATE ANYMORE IN THE SIXTH EDITION. >> COULD YOU GUYS ALSO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT ITALICS FOR TITLES? FOR EXAMPLE, LIKE THE TITLE OF A WEBSITE, DOESN'T NEED TO BE ITALICIZED, STUFF LIKE THAT. >> CORRECT. RIGHT. A QUICK EXAMPLE. >> YEAH, IF YOU WOULD, MAYBE IN THE COMMON REFERENCE PAGE OR WHATEVER YOU CAN BRING UP. >> SURE. LET'S SEE IF THERE IS ONE ON THE COMMON -- DO WE HAVE -- THERE WE GO. CONTENT ON AN ORGANIZATION'S WEBSITE. THANKS FOR THAT TIP, BETH. SO HERE'S AN EXAMPLE. OF A PAGE CALLED THE IMPORTANCE OF OUR FEATHERED FRIENDS, AND IT IS IN PLAIN TYPE. >> GREAT, THANK YOU. SORRY. >> NO, THAT WAS A GREAT QUESTION. >> THAT'S ALL RIGHT. WE DID -- NO, IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. MELANIE AND I TALKED ABOUT THAT BEFORE WE STARTED THIS. AND SHE HAD A REPORT IN THERE. ONE OF OUR EXAMPLES WITH A FORMAL REPORT, AND WE CHECKED IN THE MANUAL AND IT WAS A FORMAL REPORT SO THAT'S WHY WE IS A TAIL SIZED THAT ONE. >> A LOT OF THESE ARE JUST REALLY SPECIFIC QUESTIONS. >> WELL, BETH, IF A STUDENT HAS A REALLY SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ABOUT SOMETHING THEY'RE TRYING TO CITE, HOW WOULD THEY CONTACT THE WRITING CENTER TO GET THAT SPECIFIC QUESTION ANSWERED AFTER THIS WEBINAR? >> WELL, THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. IT LOOKS LIKE MELANIE'S BRINGING UP THE INFORMATION RIGHT NOW. SO MAKE SURE, EVERYONE, IF YOU LEAVE THIS WEBINAR WITH ANYTHING, YOU HAVE THE EMAIL ADDRESS, WRITINGSUPPORT@WALDENU.EDU. WE HAVE TUTORS ON STAFF READY TO ANSWER QUESTIONS. ALSO, MELANIE, THANKS FOR INCLUDING THAT WEBINAR EMAIL ADDRESS TOO. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS OR SUGGESTIONS ABOUT THE WEBINAR, MAKE SURE AND SEND THOSE TO ME. I'D BE HAPPY TO HEAR FROM YOU AND GET SOME FEEDBACK ON WHAT WE HAVE. I ALSO WANTED TO MENTIONED, AND MELANIE, IF YOU WANTED MIND GOING BACK TO THE WEBINAR PAGE. WE ARE STARTING -- UT TUTORS ARE STARTING A GREAT NEW SERVICE CALLED TUTOR TALK, AND ESSENTIALLY IT'S JUST KIND OF LIKE AN ADVISING SESSION YOU CAN ATTEND EACH SUNDAY NIGHT. WE'LL TUTORS THERE LIVE TO REVIEW A PARAGRAPH OF YOUR WRITING OR LOOK AT THE REFERENCE ENTRY OR ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS, AND SO THAT IS -- I'M TRYING TO THINK -- I BELIEVE IT'S 5 TO 6:30 CENTRAL TIME. SO IF YOU ARE EVER WORKING ON SOMETHING LATE AT NIGHT SUNDAY NIGHT, TAKE A LOOK AT THE WEBINAR PAGE HERE BECAUSE WE HAVE THAT TUTOR TALK GOING ON IN DECEMBER. SO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT. THAT'S MY SPIEL. >> GREAT. WELL, THANK YOU, BETH, AND I KNOW WE'VE COME UP ON OUR HOUR. WE ARE AT THE TOP OF THE HOUR AND I WANT TO RESPECT EVERYBODY'S TIME. AND SO WE'LL CLOSE OUT THE WEBINAR NOW. >> I DID WANT TO MENTION IF ANY STUDENTS ARE GONNA BE AT THE THIS OF THE FOUR RESIDENCIES COMING UP THE FINAL WEEK OF DECEMBER, MELANIE, BETH, AND I -- I THINK, BILLIONTH, YOU'RE COMING TO 245 ONE TOO, WE'LL ALL BE THERE AND WE HAVE ONE ON ONE TIME AVAILABLE, SO STOP BY OUR DESKS AND WE CAN LOOK AT DRAFTS OF YOUR WORK OR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO TALK ABOUT. DOCTORAL STUDENTS I HOPE TO YOU SEE YOU. >> GREAT. AND JEFF, THANKS SO MUCH. IT WAS GREAT PRESENTING WITH YOU TODAY ON THE APA OVERVIEW AND THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO TOOK THE TIME TO JOIN US. AND KEEP THOSE QUESTIONS COMING TO US AT WRITINGSUPPORT@WALDENU.EDU. AND WE HOPE SEE YOU AT A WEBINAR DOWN THE ROAD. THANKS VERY MUCH, EVERYONE. BYE BYE.