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What is a WordPress Theme?
The typical internet site, contains several pages that can be selected by some menus. The look and feel of these pages, which colors and font sizes are used, and the look and behavior of the menus, this all is part of a theme.
After the initial installation, WordPress will activate it's default theme. In this case, with Version 3.5 it's a theme named twenty twelve.
The active theme decides, how the pages will look like and how some of the functions will respond to user interaction.
For example, which data entry fields you have for the comment function and how they look like.
Also, the theme is responsible for the look and feel on different devices. For example, the twenty twelve theme will deliver a different layout on smaller screens that you find on smart phones.
If you check out the official WordPress site, you will find over 1,700 themes that you can download for free.
After downloading a theme, you can install it either by uploading it via FTP,
or you can find and select it directly in the admin area of your live WordPress installation.
A third option, is to upload the ZIP-file, that you have downloaded to your computer, in the WordPress back end.
After a theme is installed, you just need to activate it.
What is a WordPress Child-Theme?
A child theme is basically the same as a theme.
The only difference is, that it is based on an existing theme. If you want to use a child theme, you must also have the parent theme installed.